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I'd like to think that the manufacturer would treat the various parts with a corrosive resistant material that would at least prevent pre-mature failure.
actually, I don't believe they corroded. Most likely it was a build up of deposits from the water. The parts are almost always plastic or nylon, which is not going to corrode.
To aid you in learning "how much of what" to put in, regarding chemicals, keep a chart. Chart the starting chemical readings, then use a measuring device, add an amount of corrective chemical, then wait 1/2 hour with the tub cycling and take a test again and record the results. With the chart, you will soon learn that "this much of a reading requires this much correction" and you can keep that by the spa as a troubleshooting guide for next time you need to adjust it. Always start by adjusting the PH FIRST.